References

Unbelievable Things You Never Knew About Obesity

  1. Zipes, Libby et al. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 11th Edition.
    • Chapter 45: Risk Markers and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Subsection on Obesity and Weight loss. Page 899 to 900.
    • Chapter 50: Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease. Page 998 to 1005.

10 Ways Exercise Can Help You Live Past 100

  1. Zipes, Libby et al. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 11th Edition.
    • Chapter 45: Risk Markers and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Subsection on Physical Activity and Weight loss. Page 897 to 900.
    • Chapter 53: Exercise and Sports Cardiology. Page 1038 to 1045
    • Chapter 54: Exercise-based, comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation. Page 10466 to 1050.

Why You Should Forget Everything You Learned About Alcoholic Beverages

  1. Zipes, Libby et al. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 11th Edition.
    • Chapter 45: Risk Markers and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Subsection on Moderate Alcohol Consumption. Page 902 to 903.
    • Chapter 49: Nutrition and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease. Subsection on Alcohol. Page 968.
    • Chapter 49: Nutrition and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease. Subsection on Alcohol. Table 49.1 on Page 992.

Multivitamins 101: Does It Work?

  1. Zipes, Libby et al. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 11th Edition.
    • Chapter 45: Risk Markers and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Subsection on Dietary Supplements. Page 901 to 902.
  2. MJ Bolland, A Grey, A Avenell et al. Calcium Supplements With or Without Vitamin D and Risk of Cardiovascular Events: Reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative Limited Access Dataset and Meta-analysis. BMJ. 342:d2040 2011 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21505219
  3. Mao PJ , et al. Effect of Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation on Vascular Outcomes: A Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Cardiol. 169:106-111 2013 (PMID: 24035175)
  4. LC Del Gobbo et al. Circulating and Dietary Magnesium and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 98:160-173 2013 (PMID:23719551)
  5. Ye Y et al. Effect of Antioxidant Vitamin Supplementation on Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE.9:e56803 2013 (PMID:23437244)
  6. DR Jacobs Jr et, LC Tapsell: Food, Not Nutrients, Is The Fundamental Unit In Nutrition. Nutr Rev. 65:439-450 2007 (PMID:17972438)

The Biggest Myths About Carbohydrates Exposed

  1. Zipes, Libby et al. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 11th Edition.
    • Chapter 49: Nutrition and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease. Subsection on Whole Grains, Refined Grains, Starches and Sweets. Page 984 to 986.
    • Chapter 49: Nutrition and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease. Subsection on Carbohydrates. Page 988 .
  2. U.S Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition. December 2015. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/
  3. Lattimer JM, Haub MD. Effect of Dietary Fiber and Its Components on Metabolic Health. Nutrients. 2010;2(12):1266. Epub 2010 Dec 15.
  4. Jenkins DJ. Glycemic Index of Foods: A Physiologic Basis For Carbohydrate Exchange. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(3):362
  5. Wolover TM et al. Prediction of Glucose and Insulin Responses of Normal Subjects After Consuming Mixed Meals Varying in Energy, Protein, Fat, Carbohydrate, and Glycemic Index. J Nutr. 1996;126(11):2807.
  6. Brand JC et al. Food Processing and the Glycemic Index. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42(6):1192.
  7. Hellfrisch J et al. Mechanisms of the Effects of Grains on Insulin and Glucose Responses. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19(3 Suppl):320S.
  8. Liu S. Intake of Refined Carbohydrate and Whole Grain Foods in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002.;21(4):298.
  9. MCKeown NM. Whole Grain Intake is Favorably Associated with Metabolic Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(2):390

Why Your Low Fat Diet Is Not What It Should Be

  1. Zipes, Libby et al. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 11th Edition.
    • Chapter 49: Nutrition and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease. Subsection on Fats. Page 989 to 990.
    • Chapter 45: Risk Markers and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Subsection on LDL, HDL and Triglycerides. Page 883 to 886.
  2. U.S Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition. December 2015. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/
  3. Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary Fat and Coronary Heart Disease: Summary of Evidence from Prospective Cohort and Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;55(1-3):173-201. Epub 2009 Sep 15.
  4. Mozaffarian et al. Trans fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1601.
  5. HU, Stamfer et al. Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(21):1491.
  6. Mensik RP et al. Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids and Carbohydrates on the Ratio of Serum Total to HDL Cholesterol On Serum Lipids and Apolipoproteins: A Metaanalysis of 60 Controlled Trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 May;77(5):1146-55
  7. Mata P at al. Effects of Long Term Monounsaturated- vs Polyunsaturated-Enriched Diets on Lipoproteins in Healthy Men and Women
  8. Gillman MW et al. Inverse Association of Dietary Fat with Development of Ischemic Stroke In Men. JAMA. 1997;278(24):2145
  9. He K et al. Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Stroke in Male US Healthcare Professionals: 14 Year Prospective Cohort Study. BMJ. 2003;327(7418):777

The Truth About Trans Fat

  1. Zipes, Libby et al. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 11th Edition.
    • Chapter 49: Nutrition and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease. Subsection on Fats. Page 989.
  2. U.S Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition. December 2015. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/
  3. Mozafflarian rt al. Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS Med. 2010;7(3):e1000252. Epub 2010 Mar 23.
  4. Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary Fat and Coronary Heart Disease: Summary of Evidence from Prospective Cohort and Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;55(1-3):173-201. Epub 2009 Sep 15.
  5. Mozaffarian et al. Trans fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1601.
  6. Willet WC et al. Intake of Trans Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women. Lancet. 1993;341(8845):581.
  7. Ascherio et al. Trans-fatty Acids and Risk of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 1994;89(1): 94.
  8. Mozzaflarian D, Clarke R. Quantitative Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease Risk of Replacing Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils with Other Fats and Oils. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009. May;63 Suppl 2:S22-33.
  9. Gillman MW et al. Margarine Intake and Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease in Men. Epidemiology. 1997;8(2):144
  10. Oomen CM et al. Association Between Trans fatty Acid Intake and 10-year Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the Zutphen Elderly Study: A Prospective Population Based Study. Lancet 2001; 357 (9258): 746.
  11. Chowdury R et al. Association of Dietary, Circulating and Supplement Fatty Acids with Coronary Risk: A Systemic Review and Metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(6):398
  12. Byers T. Hardened fats, hardened arteries? N Engl J Med. 1997;337(21):1544.

New Study Says Eggs Are Bad For Your Heart. But Is It Really So?

  1. Chenxi Qin et al. Associations of egg consumption with cardiovascular disease in a cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults. BMJ Link: https://heart.bmj.com/content/104/21/1756
  2. Virtanen et al. Associations of egg and cholesterol intakes with carotid intima-media thickness and risk of incident coronary artery disease according to apolipoprotein E phenotype in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 103, Issue 3, March 2016, Pages 895–901, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.122317
  3. Zhong et al. Associations of Dietary Cholesterol or Egg Consumption With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. JAMA. 2019;321(11):1081-1095. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.1572